The cognitive component has been more closely conceptualized with life satisfaction (Andrews & Withey, 1976), yet despite this, had not previously received much attention for research. Diener et al. (1985) sought to address this and through developing the SWLS, they created a strong tool in the measurement of the cognitive components they felt reflected a subjective sense of wellbeing and life satisfaction.
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The SWLS is not designed to help you understand satisfaction in any one specific domain of life, such as your job or relationships; instead, it has been developed to help you get a sense of your satisfaction with your life as a whole.
The scoring for the SWLS works quite simply, by adding up the total of the numbers you score against each of the statements. So, remembering that 1 = strongly disagree and 7 = strongly agree, the higher your score, the higher your sense of life satisfaction as a whole.
Rather than there being one or two things that you feel would give you greater satisfaction, you might feel that small improvements across all domains of your life would lead to a higher sense of life satisfaction.
As you may have guessed, a score at the very low end of the scale means that you are extremely dissatisfied with your current life circumstances. Again, if this score is due to a recent hard blow in life, such as bereavement, then things may get better over time with the right support.
The SWLS is one of the most widely used measurements for life satisfaction. The shortness and ease of being able to administer the scale to achieve foundation results is key to this, but how reliable does that actually make it?
Further research has confirmed this reliability against other measures of life satisfaction (Pavot et al., 1991, Pavot & Diener, 2008) as well as other measures for happiness (Lyubomirsky & Lepper, 1999). It has also correlated well with scales measuring the meaning of life (Steger et al., 2006) and scales measuring hope (Bailey & Synder, 2007).
The only part of the scale that has been questioned in the research is the use of the fifth statement, as researchers believe it has a weaker association with life satisfaction and instead causes participants to reflect on the desire to change rather than their current sense of life satisfaction (Pavot & Diener, 1993).
As well as happiness and life satisfaction, Diener studied the factors that influence these two areas, including financial health, family upbringing, personality, relationships, and work. He studied these topics across 166 different nations and explored some of the cultural components behind individual happiness.
While the SWLS can offer you an indication of your life satisfaction on a more overall scale, there are other tools and resources that can help you to further explore your sense of satisfaction in specific domain areas of your life.
Once you have your scores for each of the 10 domains, you can reflect on where you have given the lowest scores, why these are low scores, and what you might be able to do to start making positive changes and improve your sense of life satisfaction.
Hi.. Hope you are doing good.. I am doing research for my BS program.. I need your help to suggest me good scale for life satisfaction in high achievers.. As my topic for research is Role of parenting style and coping skills on life satisfaction in high achievers.. Can you please suggest me an authentic cite for the scale please?Thank you!
Household headship with decision-making power may have a positive influence on life satisfaction in older adults. This study examines the associations of several types of household headship with life satisfaction among older adults in India.
It was found that about 1.3% of older male and 1.5% of older females had nominal headship status in their household. Higher percentage of older males (42%) and females (48.3%) who had nominal headship status had low life satisfaction. In multivariable analysis, older adults who practiced nominal headship had significantly higher odds of low life satisfaction in reference to older adults who practiced functional headship [Adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 1.87; confidence interval (CI): 1.45,2.42]. Interaction model reveals that older men who practised nominal headship had significantly higher odds of low life satisfaction in reference to older men who practised functional headship [AOR: 2.34; CI: 1.59,3.45]. Similarly, older women who practised nominal headship had 55% significantly higher likelihood to have low life satisfaction in reference to older men who practised functional headship [AOR: 1.55; CI: 1.09, 2.18].
Table 2 represents percentage of older adults with the degree of life satisfaction by their background characteristics in India. Higher percentage of older males (42%) and females (48.3%) who had nominal headship status had low life satisfaction.
Table 3 represents the logistic regression estimates for life satisfaction among older adults by their background characteristics. There were 653 missing cases in SRH variable therefore the regression model was run on 30,811 cases. Model-1 which represents unadjusted odds revealed that older adults who practiced nominal headship had significantly higher odds to suffer from low life satisfaction in reference to older adults who practiced functional headship [UOR: 2.31; CI: 1.80,2.95]. Even older adults who were not head neither take any decision had significantly higher odds to suffer from low life satisfaction in comparison to older adults who practiced functional headship [UOR: 1.77; CI: 1.51,2.09].
Model-2 revealed adjusted odds and it was found that older adults who practiced nominal headship had significantly higher odds to suffer from low life satisfaction in reference to older adults who practiced functional headship [AOR: 1.87; CI: 1.45,2.42]. Even older adults who were not head neither take any decision had significantly higher odds to suffer from low life satisfaction in comparison to older adults who practiced functional headship [AOR: 1.52; CI: 1.28,1.81]. Model-3 revealed interaction effects (adjusted for all the background characteristics) and it was found that older males who practised nominal headship had significantly higher odds to have low life satisfaction in reference to older men who practised functional headship [AOR: 2.30; CI: 1.55,3.45]. Similarly, older females who practised nominal headship had 55% significantly higher likelihood to have low life satisfaction in reference to older men who practised functional headship [AOR: 1.55; CI: 1.09, 2.18]. Table-S1 in supplementary file represents the sensitivity analysis by sex differences.
Boyle in 2005 has found that autonomy in terms of decision-making power that includes being household head can be especially protective against mental disorders and depressive symptoms, but if their adult children no longer take their opinion into account for important decisions, there would be no autonomy associated, and no protection against mental illnesses [65]. Consistently, our findings suggest that household headship without decision making power is associated with lower levels of life satisfaction. This further supports the findings of past research that demonstrated that participation or commitment to a greater number of productive activities would be positively related to subjective well-being [11].
Furthermore, evidence suggests that as a social stereotype in many developing countries, men are expected to inhibit their emotions to avoid being feminine and any losses of control in life results in the decline of mental wellbeing for older men but not for older women [66]. In the present study, interaction analysis shows that older male participants had a stronger association of nominal household headship (headship with no decision making role) with expressing lower life satisfaction. This again confirms the finding that the decision-making has always been associated with men and being household heads, a decline in the role in decision-making may make them more dissatisfied compared to older women [44]. On the other hand, in the case of decision-making power with neither of the headship statuses, women had higher odds of low life satisfaction associated with no decision making power compared to their male counterparts. This may be attributed to the reaction of older women to their subordinate roles in the household decision making. This can also be partially explained by the gender differences in reporting health status and wellbeing, for example, older women in general, report more health-related problems and low satisfaction than men [67, 68]. However, since there may be gender bias in decision making power in a household for example, older wives may have significant role in household decision making than their husbands, future research should analyze dyadic/household data to examine the gender balance of decision-making power.
Figure S1. Percentage of older adults involved in different types of decision making in the family. Table S1. Logistic regression estimates for life satisfaction among older adults by their background characteristics (n=30,811), 2017-18.
The objective of this multicenter, randomized controlled trial (RCT) was to assess the efficacy of gout-storytelling intervention in improving ULT adherence (primary) and other gout outcomes (gout flares, serum urate, gout-specific health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and treatment satisfaction) in AA veterans with gout. We hypothesized that gout-storytelling would be superior to the control intervention in improving ULT adherence and other gout outcomes.
Gout-specific health-related quality of life (HRQOL) was assessed with the Gout Impact scale (GIS) of the Gout assessment questionnaire (GAQ), a validated measure of specific impact of gout on HRQOL [20]. Clinically important difference on the GIS scale is between 5 and 8 points [21].
Patient satisfaction with treatment was assessed by Satisfaction with Medications Questionnaire (SATMED-Q) that has 17 items with total score ranging from 0 to 68, transformed to a 0 to 100 scale [22]. SATMED has six dimensions: treatment effectiveness, convenience of use, impact on daily activities, medical care, global satisfaction, and side effects. 2ff7e9595c
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